The Case Of The Fbi Essay - 882 Words

Former Rep. George Miller (D-CA) was absolutely floored by Trump’s shameless testimony. He said, â€Å"In my 19 years here, I don’t know that I’ve heard more irresponsible testimony†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Miller was irritated that Trump suggested that he had â€Å"additional knowledge of the extent of organized crime beyond what the FBI, the IRS, the Treasury, and others have suggested (during the same hearing).† In addition, Miller responded, â€Å"You don’t know this; you suspect this perhaps†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Trump’s accusations were in complete opposition to all of the credible authorities at that hearing. In fact, that same hearing featured written testimony from Jim Moody, the FBI’s former Chief of the organized-crime section. â€Å"The FBI does not see a ‘coordinated, concerted effort’ by organized-crime families to raid the Indian gambling industry,† wrote Moody. â€Å"As legalized gaming spreads throughout the Unite d States, we are seeing that those states with strong regulations and enforcement are not experiencing an influx of organized crime activity.† Obviously, a cash-heavy, multi-billion dollar industry that is exempt from corporate federal taxes, such as the Indian casino industry, certainly has great potential for corruption. However, there aren’t many documented cases of actual mafia involvement. It’s the kind of issue that makes for juicy rumors, but there isn’t much evidence to back it up. As time has passed, federal authorities have concluded that there is very little mafia involvement with Indian gaming. ForShow MoreRelatedFBI Case study1115 Words   |  5 Pagesall units, better work flow and control. The organizational structure that best describes FBI as a hierarchical structure where the flow of information is restricted to their particular unit of function. As the case describes in the second paragraph, the agents in FBI are accustomed to hold back information to themselves or their respective department. According to the article â€Å"Who killed the Virtual Case File?† by Harry Goldstein it was the ineffective use of IT in the project by the senior managementRead MoreAnalysis Of The FBI Case1562 Words   |  7 Pagesknow, this case is established for injuries to the neck and right shoulder with an average weekly wage of $1,614.34. We are presently litigating the issue of permanency. Your consultant, Dr. Cally, examined and found the claimant to have a permanency rating of 3-B. Dr. Kantor completed a C-4.3 on 05/27/17 and found the claimant to have a permanency rating of â€Å"E†. We previously have deposed Dr. Cally and medical testimony will be complete with t he testimony of Dr. Kantor. This case is scheduledRead MoreThe FBI Case Analysis1919 Words   |  8 PagesFrank began working for the FBI as a security consultant for no pay and still works to this day. He has worked 41 years with the FBI with 31 of those years being over his legal limit. He had no problem with this saying, â€Å"I owe my country 800 times more than I could ever repay for the opportunities it’s given me† (Scafuri). While working for the FBI, he also jump-started his own company called Abagnale Associates. Over 14,000 financial institutions, corporations and law enforcement agencies useRead MoreApple Vs. Fbi Case979 Words   |  4 PagesApple vs. FBI In today’s society, technology has become one of the most used and most sought after developments of the millennium. In a recent case the FBI petitioned for Apple to unlock the phone of Syed Farook, the man responsible for shooting and killing 14 people in San Bernardino, California. The FBI believed Apple should create a new software that would not erase the data from iPhones after ten failed attempts to unlock the phone. Apple replied that they had a responsibility and an obligationRead MoreAnother Cold Case for the FBI1342 Words   |  5 Pagesmorgue- bruises and wounds covered their face, hands, neck and limbs. The murder weapon had not been found, and neither had the killer. The police had closed the case a few days later, for lack of any breakthroughs in the case. The case had become a cold case. Juanita Gonzalez and Jose Morales death had just become another cold case in the File room of the New York Police department. Involuntary tears rolled down Giselles closed eyes. In a short span of two months, she had lost all the peopleRead MoreThe Case Between The Company Apple And The Fbi1077 Words   |  5 PagesThe case between the company Apple and the FBI was caused by tragic event, the FBI needed an iPhone unlocked from a know shooter of a mass shooting in California. Syed Farook worked as an environmental health specialist for the San Bernardino County in California. Farook went to a Christmas party that was hosted by his job, he later shot and killed 14 and injured 22. The probable motive to Farook rampage was told on social media belong to his wife Tashfeen Malik. Malik stated that she didn t thinkRead MoreEssay about Fbi Case Study1297 Words   |  6 PagesFBI Case Study Assignment #1 Table of Contents Executive Summary 3 Project Overview 3 The key issues related to the failure of the project: 4 Resolution 4 Relevance to IT Project Management: 5 Key Takeaways: 7 Research Approach 7 References 8 Executive Summary: The â€Å"Who Killed the Virtual Case File?† case study is a clear example of project failure which resulted on not only balloon the cost of the project, but also loss that could be counted on millions of dollars. BecauseRead MoreThe Fbi?1638 Words   |  7 Pagesand background of the case As a part of the FBI s $581 million Trilogy program, the Virtual Case File (VCF) was a software application that intended to facilitate the case file management for FBI agents. VCF faced a vast array of trouble, finally convincing the Bureau to abandon the VCF project after years of development imposing $170 on US taxpayers. VCF would have been a huge step in the improvement of the paper-intensive and outdated IT infrastructure for the FBI. VCF was designed to integrateRead MoreThe Fbi : A Intelligent Law Enforcement Agency1222 Words   |  5 PagesThe FBI The FBI is a very intelligent law enforcement agency. The FBI does many things and gives jobs to many people in the United States. Also they protect us from many things like terrorism attacks that happen in the United States. Another fact about the FBI is they work with local law enforcement. There is plenty of information on the FBI that answers the following five questions: What do you have to do to become an FBI agent? ; What positions are available in the FBI besides an agent? ; WhatRead MoreA Case Management Software System1054 Words   |  5 Pagesyear 2000 FBI begun developing a case management software system named as Virtual Case Files(VCF),the total estimated cost of the project was over $170 million. Eventually the project was abandoned in April 2005 (Marchewka, 2010). †¢ The forward motion for the project was due to the FBI’s aging technology infrastructure that included 386-based personal computers and a 12-year-old network system (Marchewka, 2010). †¢ In year 2000, Congress allocated almost $340 million for the proposed FBI Information

Student Billing System Documentation(Not Yet Completed)

CHAPTER 1 PROBLEMS AND ITS SCOPE Introduction Technical Background The Problem * Statement of the Problem * Project Content * Purpose and Description * Significance of the Study Objectives Scope and Limitation Review of the Related Literature/System Research Methodology * Research Design * Research Instruments * Research Respondents * Data Gathering * Research Environment Brief History of the School Operational Definition of Terms INTRODUCTION As we can see in our world today, a lot of things are changing. Typically in terms of communicating, processing as well as in terms of business,†¦show more content†¦The total amount paid and the amount payable can be seen there too. All the inputted data in the system were already save in the database for future reference. The school cashier will no longer do the manual process as we aimed to do it electronically. THE PROBLEM Statement of the Problem The essential point of the study was to classify the awareness of the respondents which includes the institution’s director and the principal, the cashier and the students on the development of the Electronic Student Billing System in St. Isidore Academy at Poblacion, Trinidad, Bohol which provide as a foundation for its development. Particularly the research seeks information on the following phases: 1. Evaluate the billing procedures of the current system. 2. Finding out the problems encountered by the school cashier with the present system used. 3. Determine the problems encountered by the students in their current billing system used. 4. Determine the student’s opinion regarding with the present system used. 5. Design the proposed electronic student billing system. 6. Develop the proposed electronic student billing system. 7. Test the newly developed system. Project Content This Electronic Student Billing System is an electronic-based project which generates student’s receipt electronically. It allows the student’s latest payment automatically deducted and enables to add, save and view the student’s billing information. This systemShow MoreRelatedHealth Information Management At Southwest Arkansas Community College Essay2011 Words   |  9 Pagesquality patient care. Currently, Northwest Arkansas Community College had launched out the Health Information Management program for the purpose of getting more people to join the health care system. I am currently enrolling in the Health Information Management program. This program can give a graduating student a variety choice of career. Therefore, we have a project to research and interview RHIT or RHIA people, to get more understanding and knowledge about their job or duties as an RHIT or RHIA.Read MoreProject Management9882 Words   |  40 Pagesprofessional environmen t; apply research methods and tools to solve problems; demonstrate foundational IT literacy and competencies; apply industry standards to networking solutions; evaluate technical aspects of systems software, hardware, and services; and design, configure, and deliver network systems. Course Objectives and Learning Outcomes ï‚ § Apply important concepts of project management to the actual Capstone Project proposed for this course. ï‚ § Use Microsoft Office Project to help planRead MoreMotorola Inc.: Standards of Internal Control20118 Words   |  81 Pages V. VI. VII. 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 Preface Objective Scope Process Responsibility Fraud Revisions Introduction General Control Requirements Quick Reference Revenue Cycle 2.1 Order Entry/Edit 2.2 Loan/Financial Aid 2.3 Billing 2.4 Accounts Receivable 2.5 Collection 2.6 Cash Receipts Procurement Cycle 3.1 Supplier Selection and Retention 3.2 Purchasing 3.3 Receiving 3.4 Accounts Payable 3.5 Disbursements Payroll Cycle 4.1 Human Resources, Compensation, and Benefits Read MoreSolving the Ritalin Riddle2237 Words   |  9 Pagesgiven prescriptions such as Ritalin. This increase in funding would seem to make labeling children an incentive for schools without any true regard to the children themselves. Subjective check lists used to diagnosis ADD and ADHD within the school system is frighteningly similar to the checklists used to determining Gifted and Talented children. Family physicians themselves are under a great deal of pressure from teachers and social workers to prescribe medications such as Ritalin for childrenRead MoreEssay about Emr5300 Words   |  22 PagesEMR (electronic medical record) systems. The impact of EMR systems can be compared to a small earthquake; it has the potential to send shock waves through a health care environment long after the initial quake has passed. The installation and recovery from the implementation of an EMR application has the potential to be a cosmic social endeavor for any small practice or health system that is considering adapting such technology. The implementation of EMR systems permeates through all sectors ofRead MoreAccounting Information Systems Test Bank 10th Edition41120 Words   |  165 PagesAccounting Information Systems Test Bank 10th Edition Chapter 1 (new version) MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. A set of two or more interrelated components that interact to achieve a goal is: a) A system b) An accounting information system c) Data d) Mandatory information 2. This results when a subsystem achieves its goals while contributing to the organizations overall goal. a) Goal conflict b) Goal congruence c) Value of information d) Systems congruence 3. Goal conflict may result when a) A decisionRead MoreAccounting Information System Chapter 1137115 Words   |  549 PagesCHAPTER 1 ACCOUNTING INFORMATION SYSTEMS: AN OVERVIEW SUGGESTED ANSWERS TO DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 1.1 The value of information is the difference between the benefits realized from using that information and the costs of producing it. Would you, or any organization, ever produce information if its expected costs exceeded its benefits? If so, provide some examples. If not, why not? Most organizations produce information only if its value exceeds its cost. However, there are two situationsRead MoreEssay on Apollo Shoes Case33718 Words   |  135 PagesUniversity Professor Tim Louwers James Madison University Introduction We designed the Apollo Shoes audit case to introduce students to the entire audit process, from planning the engagement to drafting the final report. Students are asked to assume the role of a veteran of two-to-three â€Å"busy† seasons, â€Å"in-charging† for the first time. Communication between the students and client personnel and other firm members takes the form of e-mail messages from the engagement partner (Arnold Anderson),Read MoreStudents Role in National Development9194 Words   |  37 Pagesframework. The role of teacher as an agent of change is tied closely to the college’s mission, â€Å"to produce whole and effective Christians to serve Christ and His Kingdom† (Wheaton College Catalog, 2002, p. 4). This mission, which calls Wheaton students to integrate their faith with learning and living, reflects the view that all are to be faithful servants of Christ in whatever form of service their vocations lead them. For those who are called to service in our state’s, nation’s, and world’sRead MoreSection 5 Internal Control over Financial Reporting Essay23602 Words   |  95 PagesInternal Control Environment 3. Red Bluff Inn Cafà © 165 Establishing Effective Internal Control in a Small Business 4. St. James Clothiers 169 Evaluation of Manual and IT-Based Sales Accounting System Risks 5. Collins Harp Enterprises 177 Recommending IT Systems Development Controls 6. Sarbox Scooter, Inc. 185 Scoping and Evaluation Judgments in the Audit of Internal Control over Financial Reporting 7. Socià ©tà © Gà ©nà ©rale 195 How a Low-Risk Trading Area Caused

Garden Archetype Essay Research Paper The Garden free essay sample

Garden Archetype Essay, Research Paper The Garden Archetype An original is an image, ideal, or form that has come to be considered a cosmopolitan theoretical account. Originals are found in mythology, literature, and the humanistic disciplines, and are of import factors in doctrine. There are several sorts of originals, nevertheless, there are six chief originals that are prevailing in today s literature and normally easy to acknowledge. The first of these originals and the 1 I will be discoursing in this paper is the Garden Archetype. The Garden Archetype is characterized as a topographic point such as the Garden of Eden in which adult male lives in peace and harmoniousness with nature in a tranquil and nonviolent environment. In the garden original it is everlastingly spring because spring is the clip of love and beauty. All necessities are provided to those who live in the garden. Laws are non necessary in the garden because there is no aggressiveness between the garden s dwellers. We will write a custom essay sample on Garden Archetype Essay Research Paper The Garden or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Garden original is one of the cardinal originals and besides one of the most recognizable and common of the six chief originals. The Garden Archetype is clearly portrayed in the Grecian myth The Four Ages which was written by Ovid. The content of this myth includes the four ages of world, and the first of these ages is the Golden Age, which demonstrates several of the features of the Garden original. In the lines Men were content at place, and had no towns with fosses and walls around them ; things like blades and helmets had non been heard of. No 1 needed soldiers. Peoples were nonaggressive, and unanxious ; we can see that during the Golden Age, ill will and combat were nonexistent ( Ovid 14 ) . This coincides with the unaggressiveness, which is besides found in the garden. The lines The Golden Age was foremost, a clip that cherished, Of its ain will, justness and right ; no jurisprudence, no penalty, was called for ; fright was rather unknown, and the bronzy tablets held no legal threatening ; no petitioner throng studied a justice s face ; there were no Judgess, there did non necessitate to be. show that Torahs were both unneeded and nonexistent during the Golden Age which is another feature of the Garden original ( Ovid 14 ) . The lines The old ages went by in peace. And Earth, untroubled, unharried by hoe or ploughshare, brought away all that work forces had demand for, and those work forces were happy, garnering berries from the versants, cherries, black raspberries, and the comestible acorns. show that all necessities were provided to mankind as they are in the garden ( Ovid 14 ) . Finally, in the lines, Spring was everlastingly, with a West air current blowing quietly acro ss the flowers no adult male had planted, and Earth, unplowed, brought Forth rich grain ; we can see that during the Golden Age it was ever spring as it was ever spring in the garden ( Ovid 14 ) . Spring is thought to be the clip of love and beauty as workss and other new signifiers of life emerge following the clip of asepsis and emptiness that is winter. The illustration of the garden original is good seeable in this Grecian myth by Ovid. The lines, which I have displayed, are grounds that the Garden original is found in the Golden Age. The Garden original is clearly established in the Irish fable Deirdre and the Sons of Usna. The fable chronicles the life of a immature princess who is sent off from the land to populate with the king s most trusty nurse after it is foretold that she will convey great sorrow to her male parent s land. She is sent to populate with Thursday vitamin E nurse in a little house made of green turf and other natural stuffs in a concealed glen, which is like the Garden. We see in the lines, And in a concealed glen of Slieve Gallion he had a small house built, with a roof of leafy vegetables turfs so that above the land it would look no more than one of the small green knolls of the Sidhe, and a sod wall pealing unit of ammunition it, and a garden with apple trees for shadiness and fruit and pleasance. that this small glen was much like the garden ( Sutcliff 128 ) . The glen was peaceable and all of the force and hate of the universe around the glen was non seen by those who lived in the glen. The lines, And at that place he set the two of them, to hold no more sight of work forces, save that one time a twelvemonth his ain most sure warriors should convey them supplies of nutrient and vesture, until the kid was 15 and ready to go his Queen. demonstrate that nutrient and all other necessities were provided in the Garden whether it be from the warriors or n utrient that was provided by nature in the signifier of apples, etc. ( Sutcliff 128 ) . The immature princess knew nil of the universe around the glen and was raised in a tranquil environment where adult male and nature lived in harmoniousness. This Irish legend clearly portrays the features of the Garden original. The Garden original is clearly apparent in the Bible in the description of Zion which is found in the book of Micah. Sion is the eastern-most hill in the metropolis of Jerusalem and it is besides the centre of the political and cultural life of the ancient Hebrews. The name Zion subsequently came to mean the sanctum hill of God and in the New Testament, Zion denotes the celestial metropolis of God. The hill of Zion has many features that match those of the Garden original. The transition, But in the last yearss it shall come to base on balls, that the mountain of the house of the Lord shall be established in the top of the mountains, and it shall be exalted above the hill ; and people shall flux unto it. portrays the hill of Zion as a celestial topographic point without force where all of world lives together in peace ( Micah 4:1 ) . The Garden original is demonstrated in the undermentioned lines: And he shall judge among many people, and call on the carpet strong states afar off ; and they shall crush their blades into ploughshares, and their lances into pruninghooks ; state shall non raise up a blade against state, neither shall they larn war any longer ( Micah 4:3 ) . This transition describes how all work forces shall throw transform their arms into points that could be utile in the Garden and bury their ways of war. This coincides with the thought of a nonviolent environment, which characterizes the Garden original. The lines, But they shall sit every adult male under his vine and under his fig tree ; and none shall do them afraid ; for the oral cavity of the Lord of hosts hath spoken it. show how nutrient will be provided to mankind at the hill of Zion and how work forces shall hold no fright of each other because the hill of Zion will be a peaceable, unaggressive, and nonviolent environment ( Micah 4:4 ) . These transitions from the book of Micah clearly portray the features of the Garden original. The Garden original is a cosmopolitan theoretical account, which is used to depict or specify topographic points, which are similar to the Garden of Eden. There are several features of the Garden original that can be found in a huge figure of plants of literature, art, and doctrine. The illustrations that I provided all clearly portray the features of the Garden original.

Nursing Jobs Specialties free essay sample

Good morning, my name is Annamaria Amodei. I was born in Florence Italy and lived there for 20 years. I then came to New York in 1981. In the last 30 years I went through lots of changes in my life and in my careers. I grew older and wiser by going through a marriage, 3 wonderful children, a divorce and a several jobs within several different sectors of industries, from restaurant manager and owner to medical billing therefore dealing with the public at all times. In the mid 90s I decided to return to school and because my interest was in health I enrolled in a 2 year nutrition program receiving an associated degree in dietetics in 2000. Instead of applying my degree to a job in nutrition, I become a co-owner of a surgical supply store which has kept me occupied for the past 10 years. I’ve been again involved with the public, this time a very different one. We will write a custom essay sample on Nursing Jobs Specialties or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The people I see are mostly physically sick, handicapped or in some kind of physical pain They were coming into my store because they knew that I could help them with my knowledge, experience and a deep will to help others. I found myself helping one person after another and I realized that helping others gave me a lot of joy, because I knew that I was able to make a difference in someone’s life. So about a year ago I decided to go further with my studies. I searched for a program to fulfill my needs and a school that would offer excellent training. That is why I applied to D’Youville College where I’m going to start my nursing education in January 2011. I have so much love in me and so much compassion to give that I cannot think of a better way to share that with other people than to care for them as a nurse. I want to impact people’s lives whether it’s just for a second, a moment or a lifetime. I want to be that nurse that cannot only be just a nurse, but can also be a friend to her patients. A nurse can touch lives in so many different ways and aspects. The purpose of a nurse is to fulfill his/her job in different areas of people’s lives and situations, and because we all ail in different ways. A nurse is trained to make sure that each patient is comfortable no matter what is the nature of their illness. I ruely believe that if you are a good nurse you will find satisfaction in your patient’s recovery and it is a nurse’s obligation to treat all patients with the utmost respect as well as to maintain their dignity at all times. A nurse has to be knowledgeable enough to understand each patient’s situation as an individual and attend to their needs accordingly because every case is so different and unique. That is why I strongly believe that educat ion and experience are very important keys for a nurse to master her/his profession. There are many other ways that a nurse with a bachelor or a master degree in USA can find employment outside the hospitals settings. Community Health Nurses – Usually this type of nurses work for the government, towns, cities and also non-profit agencies. Their job is to inform the public about how to avoid health risks, how to achieve a healthier lifestyle including principals of good nutrition and the basics of physical fitness. They often address a certain segment of population, such as children or elderly, and they usually will be doing public speaking at schools, churches, community groups, etc. Prison-Jail Nursing – This is another way a nurse can give her services to a population that unfortunately is growing and they also have a lot of health problems and they require the proper attention. It takes a special kind of nurse to work in a correction facility and they probably have had many prior opportunities to experience nursing before beginning a prison nursing career. Managed Care Nursing – Is another way that a nurse can find employment. More and more people are having health insurance and a lot of health problems, so the cost of healthcare is skyrocketing. HMO’s, Medicare Medicaid and other private insurance companies are hiring nurses directly to work for them. Managed care nurses serve both patients and their employers providing quality health care for more people by educating their clients in prevention and healthy lifestyles, and looking for different health care delivery in order to keep the cost of insurances down. Nursing Educator –. Because of the increasing nurseing shortage, the demand for nurse educators is becoming very popular. Nurses with a master degree and several years of experience who love their profession combined with a love for teaching and the passion for sharing their knowledge are perfect for this kind of job. Missionary Nurses –There are many organization and agencies providing support and relief to third world countries. If you want to help people less fortunate than yourself and you don’t mind spending time overseas, there is no better way to do that than putting all your knowledge and skills to work for these agencies and organizations. School Nursing – Private or public schools are employing more nurses than ever before because today there are more kids enrolled in school than ever and with more special needs. A school nurse needs to love working with kids and adolescents. Pain Management Nursing – For this kind of nursing a master degree is required. Many nurses in this field work with cancer patients, in homes, hospitals or with Hospice. In the past few years there have been tremendous advances in understanding pain, measuring its intensity and responding with appropriate doses of medication. Administrative Nursing – This kind of nurses work in large medical clinics, legal firms and big companies. If you have talent for managing people and enjoy working in an administrative position and you‘ve got good office and people skills, this is also a very good nursing career. This position requires a master degree and some experience. Substance Abuse Nursing – Alcohol and drugs are unfortunately a growing number in today’s society. These nurse work with people who are struggling with addition. Many of them work in detox and rehab clinics. They help people to safely end their addition and try to work with them on the cause of the problem and help them overcome and build a drug and alcohol resistance. This nursing career can be very frustrating at times due to the power that these additions have over people, leading to many relapses. But for a nurse who really wants to improve people’s lives this is an admirable career. Temp Nursing – Many nurses choose not to work for a single facility and they associate with one of the many temporary nurses stuffing agency across the country. This is a very flexible kind of work, they can choose to work or not in a particular place. Some agency specializes in travel nursing which means that a nurse could work several weeks from Los Angeles to New York and even in Hawaii. The housing is paid for and this is an excellent opportunity for single people. If you are a nurse that wants lots of flexibility then a temp nurse is an excellent career choice. Nurses are also needed in all branches of the military. Some of them become hospice nurses dedicated to care for those that are terminally ill and during their last days of life. The world of nursing career is wide open and new job descriptions are being created all the time as nurses responds to a rapidly changing world. A career in nursing has endless opportunities and that is why I’m much exited to start this program. I would like to thank Dr. Mariano (and Dr. Lewis) for giving me the opportunity to speak to you about why and how I decided at my stage in life to change careers and become a nurse I also want to thank all of you for listening this morning. I wish you the best in your journey through medical school Ciao

Impact of Monetary Policy on Companies Profitability and Its Valuation Essays

Impact of Monetary Policy on Companies Profitability and Its Valuation Essays Impact of Monetary Policy on Companies Profitability and Its Valuation Essay Impact of Monetary Policy on Companies Profitability and Its Valuation Essay Meaning of monetary policy Monetary policy is the management of money supply and interest rates by central banks to influence prices and employment. Monetarypolicy works through expansion or contraction of investment and consumption expenditure. Monetary policy is the process by which the government, central bank (RBI in India), or monetary authority of a country controls : (i) The supply of money (ii) Availability of money (iii) Cost of money or rate of interest In order to attain a set of objectives oriented towards the growth and stability of the economy. Monetary theory provides insight into how to craft optimal monetary policy. Monetary policy is referred to as either being an expansionary policy, or a contractionary policy, where an expansionary policy increases the total supply of money in the economy, and a contractionary policy decreases the total money supply. Expansionary policy is traditionally used to combat unemployment in a recession by lowering interest rates, while contractionary policy involves raising interest rates in order to combat inflation. Monetary policy is contrasted with fiscal policy, which refers to government borrowing, spending and taxation. Credit policy is not only a policy concerned with changes in the supply of credit but it can be and is much more than this. Credit is not merely a matter of aggregate supply, but becomes more important factor since there is also issue of its allocation among competing users. There are various sources of credit and other aspects of credit that need to be looked into are its cost and other terms and conditions, duration, renewal, risk of default etc. Thus the potential domain of credit policy is very wide. Where currency is under a monopoly of issuance, or where there is a regulated system of issuing currency through banks which are tied to a central bank, the monetary authority has the ability to alter the money supply and thus influence the interest rate in order to achieve policy goals. Monetary policy, also described as money and credit policy, concerns itself with the supply of money as so of credit to the economy. Objective of monetary policy The objectives are to maintain price stability and ensure adequateflow of credit to the productive sectors of the economy. Stability ofthe national currency (after looking at prevailing economicconditions), growth in employment and income are also looked into. The monetary policy affects the real sector through long and variable periods while the financial markets are also impacted through shorttermimplications. Major objectives can be summarized as under: i) To promote and encourage economic growth in the economy amp; ensure the economic stability at full employment or potential level of output. It aims to achieve the twin objectives of meeting in full the needs of production and trade, and at the same time moderating the growth of money supply to contain the inflationary pressures in the economy. ii) Sectorial deployment of Funds. Depending upon the priorities laid down in the plans, the RBI has determined the allocation of funds, as also the interest rates among the different sectors. There are four main channels which the RBI looks at: * Quantum channel: money supply and credit (affects real outputand price level through changes in reserves money, moneysupply and credit aggregates). * Interest rate channel. Exchange rate channel (linked to the currency). * Asset price. Price stability has evolved as the dominant objective of monetary policy for sustaining economic growth and ensuring orderly conditions in the financial markets with increasing openness of the Indian economy The fundamentalidea is that it is only in a low and stable inflation environment that economic growt h can be continued. Monetary policy also aims to be directly supportive of growth by ensuring that the credit requirements of various segments are met adequately through an appropriate credit delivery and credit pricing mechanism and a conducive credit culture. Monetary decisions today take into account a wider range of factors, such as: * short term interest rates; * long term interest rates; * velocity of money through the economy; * exchange rate * credit quality * bonds and equities (corporate ownership and debt) * government versus private sector spending/savings * international capital flow of money on large scales * financial derivatives such as options, swaps and future contracted. Monetary policy tools The monetary authority uses various instruments of monetary control in order to influence the goal variables in desired directions and degrees. The target variables are variables which the monetary authority tries to control or influence so as to influence the goal variables in the desired manner. To serve the target function well, a chosen target variable should possess the following four qualifications: a) It should be closely related to goal variables and this relation should be well understood and reliably estimable, b) It should be rapidly affected by policy instruments, c) Non-policy influences on it should be relatively small,i. , small relative to policy influences, and d) It should be readily observable (a measurable) with little or no time lag. Traditionally three variables have served as candidates for monetary-policy targets. They are: money supply, bank credit, and interest rates in securities market. Various Monetary policy tools are: i. Monetary base Monetary policy can be implemented by changing the size of the monetary base. This directly changes the total amount of money circulating in the economy. A centra l bank can use open market operations to change the monetary base. The central bank would buy/sell bonds in exchange for hard currency. When the central bank disburses/collects this hard currency payment, it alters the amount of currency in the economy, thus altering the monetary base. ii. Reserve requirements The monetary authority exerts regulatory control over banks. Monetary policy can be implemented by changing the proportion of total assets that banks must hold in reserve with the central bank. Banks only maintain a small portion of their assets as cash available for immediate withdrawal; the rest is invested in illiquid assets like mortgages and loans. By changing the proportion of total assets to be held as liquid cash, the Federal Reserve changes the availability of loanable funds. This acts as a change in the money supply. Central banks typically do not change the reserve requirements often because it creates very volatile changes in the money supply due to the lending multiplier. iii. Discount window lending Many central banks or finance ministries have the authority to lend funds to financial institutions within their country. By calling in existing loans or extending new loans, the monetary authority can directly change the size of the money supply. v. Interest rates The contraction of the monetary supply can be achieved indirectly by increasing the nominal interest rates. Monetary authorities in different nations have differing levels of control of economy-wide interest rates. The Federal Reserve can set the discount rate, as well as achieve the desired Federal funds rate by open market operations. This rate has significant effect on other market interest rates, but there is no perfect relationship. In the United States open market operations are a relatively small part of the total volume in the bond market. One cannot set independent targets for both the monetary base and the interest rate because they are both modified by a single tool - open market operations; one must choose which one to control. In other nations, the monetary authority may be able to mandate specific interest rates on loans, savings accounts or other financial assets. By raising the interest rate(s) under its control, a monetary authority can contract the money supply, because higher interest rates encourage savings and discourage borrowing. Both of these effects reduce the size of the money supply. v. Currency board A currency board is a monetary arrangement which pegs the monetary base of a country to that of an anchor nation. As such, it essentially operates as a hard fixed exchange rate, whereby local currency in circulation is backed by foreign currency from the anchor nation at a fixed rate. Thus, to grow the local monetary base an equivalent amount of foreign currency must be held in reserves with the currency board. This limits the possibility for the local monetary authority to inflate or pursue other objectives. 1. Instruments of monetary policy in India The monetary policy is nothing but controlling the supply of Money. The RBI takes a look at the present levels and also takes a call on what should be the desired level to promote growth, bring stability of price (low inflation) and foreign exchange. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) as a designated monetary authority has no control over the deficit financing of the central government and only limited control over its foreign exchange assets, we discuss below in detail the instruments of control used by the RBI: : A. Quantitative measures: 1. Open Market operations: It means the purchase and sale of securities by central bank of the country. The sale of security by the central bank leads to contraction of credit and purchase thereof to credit expansion. It is useful for the developed countries. In India, the RBI enters into sale and purchase of government securities and treasury bills. So the RBIcan pump money into circulation by buying back the securities and vice versa. In absence of an independent security market (all Banks are state owned); this is not really effective in India. The major Limitations are that * When the central bank purchases the securities the cash reserve of member bank will be increased and vice versa. The bank will expand and contract credit according to prevailing economic and political circumstances and not merely with reference to their cash reserves. * When the commercial bank cash balance increase the demand for loan and advance should increase. This may not happen due to economic and political uncertainty. * The circulation of bank credit should have a constant velocity. 2. Bank rate policy :Popularly known as repo rate and reverse repo rate, it is the rate at which the RBI and the Banks buy or exchange money. This results into the flow of bank credit and thusaffects the money supply. Bank rate- It is the minimum rate at which the central bank of a country provides loan to the commercial bank of the country. Bank rate is also called discount rate because bank provides finance to the commercial bank by rediscounting the bills of exchange. When general bank raises the bank rate, the commercial bank raises their lending rates;it results in fewer borrowings and reduces money supply in the economy. Reverse repo rate– It is the rate that RBI offers the banks for parking their funds with it. Reverse repo operations suck out liquidity from the system. Major limitation is that : * Well organized money market should exist in the economy. Repo rate * It is introduced through which RBI can add to liquidity in the banking system. Through repo system RBI buys securities from the bank and there by provide funds to them. * Repo refers to agreement for a transaction between RBI and banks through which RBI supplies funds immediately against government securities and simultaneously agree to repurchase the same or similar securities after a specified time which may be one day to 14 days. A repurchase agreement or ready forward deal is a secured short-term (usually 15 days) loan by one bank to another against government securities. * Legally, the borrower sells the securities to the lending bank for cash, with the stipulation that at the end of the borrowing term, it will buy back the securities at a slightly higher price, the difference in price representing the interest. 3. Cash Reserve ratio (CRR): This is the percentage of total deposits that the banks have to keep with RBI. And this instrument can change the money supply overnight. Changing cash reserve ratio is an excellent instrument of control. The bank has to keep certain amount of bank money with themselves as reserves against deposits. * The increase in the cash rate leads to the contraction of credit only when the banks excess reserves. * The decrease in the cash rate leads to the expansion of credit and banks tends to make more available to borrowers. . 4. Statutory Liquidity Requirement (SLR)amp;liquidity adjustment facility ( LAF )-this is the proportion of deposits which Banks have to keep liquid in addition to CRR. This also has a bearing on money supply. * LAF is the instrument of monetary policy from June 2000 to adjust on daily basis liquidity in the banking system. * Through LAF, RBI regulates short-term interest rates while its bank rate policy serves as a signaling device for its interest rate policy in the intermediate period. RRBs are required t o maintain SLR at 25 per cent of their NDTL in cash or gold or in unencumbered government and other approved securities. Unlike in the case of scheduled commercial banks, balances maintained in call or fixed deposits by RRBs with their sponsor banks are treated as â€Å"cash† and hence, reckoned towards their maintenance of SLR. As a prudential measure, it is desirable on the part of all RRBs to maintain their entire SLR portfolio in government and other approved securities, which many of them are already doing. All RRBs may maintain their entire SLR holdings in government and other approved securities. B. Qualitative measures: 1. Credit rationing: Imposing limits and charging higher/lower rates of interests in selective sectors are what you see is being done byRBI. 2. Moral suasion: We hear of RBIs directive of priority lending in Agriculture sector. Seems more of a directive rather than persuasion. It implies the central bank exerting pressure on banks by using oral and written appeals to expand or restrict credit in line with its credit policy. It is a combination of persuasion and pressure which RBI is always in a position to use on banks in general and errant banks in particular. This is exercised through discussions, letters, speeches, and hints thrown to banks. This can be used by the RBI to urge banks to keep a large proportion of their assets in the form of government securities, lend their helping hand to develop a broad and active market in treasury bills and government securities, and not borrow excessively from the bank when it is engaged in fighting the forces of inflation. The main interst sensitive sectors are banking sector,automobile sectorand real estate sector Let me examine how the monetary policy impact on the major interast sensitive sectors ie banking sector and automobile sector. oth sectors are linked with the policy measurs of the RBI. the change in interst rate casues a big impact on the profit earning capacity of the two sector companies Firstly the banking sector . This  analysis  takes  a look at  Indian monetary  policy  and  how it  will  impact:   Ã‚  Ã‚   a. Banks   Profitability b. Availability   of  Ã‚   funds  Ã‚   to   trade   and  Ã‚   industry   Ã‚  Ã‚   c. Other   factor Interest on loans are the main income of the banks. when the reserve bank take an action which effect interest rate it will affect the banks income and profitability. It may be positive or negative. Cost of fund will increase and it will reduce banks net interest margin to keep the net interest margin all banks raises lending rates When RBI hikes CRR it will directly affect by the profitability of banking companies. When RBI increase the CRR it will cause reducing the deposits available with the banks to make loans . Banks charge a very high interest rate on the loans they give. Banks take this measurer to retain the profit rate which earned during former CRR rate.. when the lending rate are high, general public and corporate postpone heir work to future period. so this cause to reduse the lending from banks,then the profit will decrease If the RBI reduce the CRR and SLR rate ,the banks can give more loans at lower interest rate. the low interst rate attract more companies and people to take loan. so this cause to increase the profit of the banks Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR)| 6. 00% (w. e. f. 24/04/2010)| Increased from 5. 00% to 5. 50% wef 13/02/2010; and then again to 5. 75% wef 2 7/02/2010; and now to 6. 00% wef 24/04/2010| Now the CRR is 6. 00%. it from 24-4-2010. RBI increased CRR from 5. 00% to 6. 00% during the 4th quarter of 2009-2010 and 1st quarter of 2010-11. this change also change the net interest margin of the banks. 1% increase caused a negative impact of the profitability of the banks. Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR)| 24%(w. e. f. 18/12/2010)| Decreased from 25% which was continuing since 07/11/2009| No more change in the SLR rate after 7-11-2009 have made an impact on the profit earning capacity of the banks Bank rate impact It is the minimum rate at which central bank provides loan to commercial banks. It is also called discounting rate because bank provides finance to the commercial banks by rediscounting the bill of exchange. When central banks raises bank rate commercial banks raises lending rate and vice-versa When RBI rises the bank rate ,the commercial banks rasies rasies its lending rates, it will adversely impact on the profitability of banks. Bank’s net interest margin will reduce. Repo rate impact When ever there is deficient of the fund with the banks then the banks barrow money from RBI, Repo rate is the rate at which all banks barrow rupees from RBI. When RBI increase repo rate ,no banks ready to take loan from RBI. IF the RBI decrease the repo rate, bank will go to RBI to take loan at lower interest rate. If the RBI increase the rate it will reduce the profit margin. Reverse repo effect If the RBI increase the reverse repo rate banks get high interest by putting money to safe hands. but it reduce the money supply in the economy . bank not have money to give loans to public and get interest on loan. so interest earned on loans will decrease and the net interest margin reduced. Reverse Repo Rate| 6. 25% (w. e. f. 03/05/2011)| Increased from 5. 75% which was continuing since 17/03/2011 [Till 03/05/2011, reverse repo rate was an independent rate and announced by RBI. However, in the monetary policy announced on 03/05/2011, RBI has decided that now the reverse repo rate will not be announced separately, but will be linked to Repo rate. Reverse Repo rate will be 100 bps below the repo rate] | How monetary policy affect on the returns of auto sector The automotive industry remains one of the highest revenue-earning industries in India and contributed over 5% to India’s GDP in 2009, providing direct and indirect employment to more than 13 million people. The market outlook for the industry remains promising, especially in the small car segment. The Indian automobile market is currently dominated by the two-wheeler segment but with an expanding middle class population, growing earning power and industrial development, the demand for passenger cars and commercial vehicles will increase exponentially. Also, the low vehicle presence (with passenger car stock of only around 11 per 1,000 population in 2008) indicates a very low base with significant growth potential. As per ‘Just-Auto’ analyst reports, sales of passenger cars in 2008-2016 are expected to grow at a CAGR of around 10%. In addition to increased domestic demand, there is also likely to be increased investment by global auto manufacturers to India due to its strong technological capability and availability of trained manpower at competitive prices. Currently, the foreign auto companies with assembly plants in India include, General Motors, Ford, Hyundai, Honda, Suzuki, Nissan Motors, Toyota, Volkswagen, Audi, Skoda, BMW, Fiat and Mercedes Benz. With the introduction of the Tata Nano, the cheapest car in the world at USD 2200, and FDI from Suzuki Motor Corp, Hyundai Motor Co, and Nissan Motor Co to make India their manufacturing hub for small cars, India has made huge inroads in the compact car segment. In fact, in 2009, India overtook China in the global auto exports of compact cars for the first time. Increase or decrease in interest rate will directly affect the automobile industry because a majority of people are depending on  car loans  or two wheeler  loans for  buying vehicle. So if the interest rates are increasing, people won’t be able to afford this and normally the demand for automobiles will come down this will have a very bad impact on the industry TATA MOTORS: TATA MOTORS Tata Motors is India’s largest automobile company It is the leader in commercial vehicles and among the top three in passenger vehicles. The company is the worlds fourth largest truck manufacturer, the worlds second largest bus manufacturer. Tata Motors has auto manufacturing and assembly plants in Jamshedpur , Pantnagar , Lucknow , Ahmedabad , Sanand and Pune in India, as well as in Argentina, South Africa and Thailand. Products : Passenger cars and utility vehicles Concept vehicles Commercial vehicles Military vehicles Financial results of tata motors 2009-10 2008-09 2007-08 ) Gross revenue38,364. 1028568. 2133093. 93 2) Net revenue(excluding excise duty)35593. 0525629. 7328739. 41 3) Total expenditure31414. 7723877. 2925807. 82 4) Operating profit4178. 281752. 442931. 59 5) Other income1853. 45925. 97483. 18 6) Profit before interest and depreciation6031. 732678. 413414. 77 7) Interest and discounting charges(net)1103. 84673. 68282. 37 8) Cash profit4927. 892004. 734057. 84 Rising interest rates  had a negative impact on company because when interest rates was raised, the cost of borrowing money rosed. Ultimately, the company profitability and ability to grow was reduced. When a company profits (or earnings) dropped, its stock became less desirable, and its stock price falled . A company success comes when it sells its products . But increased interest rates negatively impact its customers. The financial health of its customers directly affected the company ability to grow sales and earnings. When interest rates rise, investors start to rethink their investment strategies i. e Investors sell shares in interest-sensitive stocks that they hold. Interest-sensitive industries include electric utilities, real estate, and the financial sector. Interest rates rises –sales effects profitability is affected dividend payments too effected. The price of a stock depends on the earnings of the company. If the earnings slow down (because of higher interest rate payments), the prices of the stocks will dip and overall, the stock market will be hit. A rise in interest rates also cools down the economy . demand for goods and services rise. If the supply is not immediately forthcoming, the price of those goods and services rise. That leads to inflation. Low interest rates are good for business, it makes it cheaper to borrow funds, invest in new projects, expand supply, etc. Low interest rates also increases consumption as  debt finance becomes cheaper and people’s disposable income rises as existing interest payments are reduced. A decrease in interest rates therefore increases revenue expectations for most businesses. car sales down as compared to the previous year. reducing costs wherever possible, consolidating brands and dropping model lines and deferring Ramp;D projects to conserve funds.

APA Style Research Paper

APA Style Research Paper APA Style Research Paper APA Style Research Paper The most commonly requested format for research paper writing is APA style. APA style is commonly used in the social sciences and is consider as the most influential research paper writing style. Nevertheless, different fields may have some aberration, so consult your advisor on research paper writing requirements. If the teacher asks you to write APA style research paper, you have to follow specific rules which make the presentation of written material more understandable. Research paper APA style covers the following elements: punctuation and abbreviations, construction of tables, selection of headings, citation of references, presentation of statistics as well as many other elements that are a part of every academic essay. Research Paper Help The first thing you should do is to define a research paper topic. You have the possibility to demonstrate your research skills: collect information, examine it and make your own contribution to the existing knowledge. Every research paper topic should be focused on a problem or question which has to be solved or answered. Determine the main aspect of your research paper topic.  Library resources will help you to understand the topic problem and to arrange research paper ideas. Collect information on given phenomenon, inform about experiments that have been already done. Reading a scientific literature will help you to find out the most important and relevant data for your research paper writing. Title page, the text of the research paper and list of references are the basic issues of an APA style research paper. Writing a research paper you have to use other elements such as: abstract, references, appendices, footnotes, tables etc. Let's take a look at some elements. Title page is the separate first page. The title should be in the center about halfway down the page. The information including your name, college, course, professor etc. should be below the title. Make sure that the title is meaningful. It should signal to the reader what your research paper topic is. Bibliography list should be presented at the end of your research paper. The list begins on a new page. The purpose of including a bibliographic reference is to allow your readers to track down your sources. While writing bibliography, you need to include standard bibliographic information: author, title, place of publication, publisher, and year of publication. Custom Written Research Papers If you are not sure how to format your research paper in proper APA style, ask our writers for research paper writing help and the formatting will be done for free!   In addition to custom written research paper you receive free bibliography list, free title page, and free plagiarism report!   Only professional and experienced writers working at are entrusted to work on your research paper writing!

International Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 11

International Relations - Essay Example ing â€Å"The Evolution of International Society† by David Armstrong, thereby accounting for existence of historical alteration and comparative weights between pluralist forms of international society and solidarism forms of international society. Historically, international society is perceived through the narratives regarding the emergence of European state systems, which were attributed to principles of sovereignty and non-intervention. This period is marked by the formation of an association referred to family of nations or the international society, which was founded on conservation the sovereignty based on the set of values of civilization. In fact, this signified the members of the international society since they were under the jurisdiction of the principles of sovereign equality. Furthermore, these members were free from any forms of interventions and rules of international law. Pluralistic form of international society entailed a narrow degree of shared norms while the Solidarist form of international society had a high wide of shared norms, and it focused on the substantial element regarding the elements emphasizing on rights entitled to an individual. For example, Greek international society was a form of Solidarist form, which emphasized on shared moral understanding concerning the rightful international conduct based on the religious norms. In fact, this related to areas such as the sanctity of treaties, diplomacy, war and declaration of an enemy’s death. An example of pluralistic form of international society is ancient India, which has numerous religious norms through they were not always in practice; in fact they were only applied to only to international relations, such as in a situation of war. There is a mutual exclusion of both pluralism and solidarism in the criterion of sovereignty, which is perceived to be synonymous to property. Therefore, pluralism and solidarism were also considered distinctive attributes of international society,

The Greatest Failure of the Current Wave of Financial Globalisation Essay

The Greatest Failure of the Current Wave of Financial Globalisation - Essay Example Those countries that are able to integrate with the environmental changes will be experiencing more economic growth while others will be experiencing the economic recession. Globalisation has resulted from many years of human inventions and technological improvement. It pertains to the integration of economic activities all over the world through endless trading of products and services as well as the exchanging of cash flows. Sometimes, globalization relates to the constant movement of technology and business people including the skilled and unskilled workers. Even intangible thing such as knowledge and skills are also being transferred from one country to another. During globalization, the local and international markets are promoting efficiency because of the tight competition worldwide. Even the workforces have to become more competitive and flexible so they could keep up with their job. The global markets open a wider opportunity for these people to tap into larger markets all over the world. The global business cycle that we are dealing today is actually creating huge imbalances between UK’s cash inflow and outflows. As globalization contin uous, the global financial trend also changes. These changes will eventually be considered as one of the greatest failure of the current financial trend due to globalization. The effect of international trade on a country’s economy can be examined and measured by looking at the changes in the ratio of international trade, the total export plus the total imports to the output of GDP of an economy. According to Dollar and Kraay (2001), globalization reduces poverty.

Training and Development of Employees Essay Example for Free

Training and Development of Employees Essay Objectives of the Project Report Training and Development of Employees Finding is the main objective of this project report and some of the sub-objective in this report. They are : * To know the effectiveness of the training programme conducted by the company. * To know whether employees are aware about their responsibilities and authorities or not. * To improve Organizational Climate and increase the morale of employees. * To know whether training programme is conducted successfully or not. * To know about the work culture of the organization. Training and Development of Employees : Training and Development of Employees : After employees have been selected for various positions in an organization, training them for the specific tasks to which they have been assigned assumes great importance. It is true in many organizations that before an employee is fitted into a harmonious working relationship with other employees, he is given adequate training. Training is the act of increasing the knowledge and skills of an employee for performing a particular job. The major outcome of training is learning. A trainee learns new habits, refined skills and useful knowledge during the training that helps him improve performance. Training enables an employee to do his present job more efficiently and prepare himself for a higher-level job. The essential features of training may be stated thus: * Increases knowledge and skills for doing a particular job; it bridges the gap between job needs and employee skills, knowledge and behaviors * Focuses attention on the current job; it is job specific and addresses particular performance deficits or problems * Concentrates on individual employees; changing what employees know, how they work, their attitudes toward their work or their interactions with their co-workers or supervisors * Tends to be more narrowly focused and oriented toward short-term performance concerns. Training is needed to serve the following purposes: * Newly recruited employees require training so as to perform their tasks effectively. Instruction, guidance, coaching help them to handle jobs competently, without any wastage. * Training is necessary to prepare existing employees for higher-level jobs (promotion). * Existing employees require refresher training so as to keep abreast of the latest developments in job operations. In the face of rapid technological changes, this is an absolute necessity. * Training is necessary when a person moves from one job to another (transfer). After training, the employee can change jobs quickly, improve his performance levels and achieve career goals comfortably * Training is necessary to make employees mobile and versatile. They can be placed on various jobs depending on organizational needs. * Training is needed to bridge the gap between what the employee has and what the job demands. * Training is needed to make employees more productive and useful in the long-run. * Training is needed for employees to gain acceptance from peers (learning a job quickly and being able to pull their own weight is one of the best ways for them to gain acceptance). Importance of Training : * Training offers innumerable benefits to both employees and employers. It makes the employee more productive and more useful to an organization. The importance of training can be studied under the following heads: Benefits to the business: * Trained workers can work more efficiently. They use machines, tools, and materials in a proper way. Wastage is thus eliminated to a large extent. * There will be fewer accidents. Training improves the knowledge of employees regarding the use of machines and equipment. Hence, trained workers need not be put under close supervision, as they know how to handle operations properly. * Trained workers can show superior performance. They can turn out better performance. They can turn out better quality goods by putting the materials, tools and equipment to good use. * Training makes employees more loyal to an organization. They will be less inclined to leave the unit where there are growth opportunities Benefits to the employees: * Training makes an employee more useful to a firm. Hence, he will find employment more easily. * Training makes employees more efficient and effective. By combining materials, tools and equipment in a right way, they can produce more with minimum effort. * Training enables employees to secure promotions easily. They can realise their career goals comfortably. * Training helps an employee to move from one organization to another easily. He can be more mobile and pursue career goals actively. * Employees can avoid mistakes, accidents on the job. They can handle jobs with confidence. They will be more satisfied on their jobs. Their morale would be high. Thus, training can contribute to higher production, fewer mistakes, greater job satisfaction and lower labour turnover. Also, it can enable employees to cope with organizational, social and technological change. Effective training is an invaluable investment in the human resources of an organization. Learning Principles: The Philosophy of Training Training is essential for job success. It can lead to higher production, fewer mistakes, greater job satisfaction and lower turnover. These benefits accrue to both the trainee and the organization, if managers understand the principles behind the training process. To this end, training efforts must invariably follow certain learning-oriented guidelines. Modelling Modeling is simply copying someone elses behavior. Passive classroom learning does not leave any room for modeling. If we want to change people, it would be a good idea to have videotapes of people showing the desired behavior. The selected model should provide the right kind of behavior to be copied by others. A great deal of human behaviour is learned by modelling others. Children learn by modelling parents and older children, they are quite comfortable with the process by the time they grow up. As experts put it. managers tend to manage as they were managed Motivation For learning to take place, intention to learn is important. When the employee is motivated, he pays attention to what is being said, done and presented. Motivation to learn is influenced by the answers to questions such as: How important is my job to me? How important is the information? Will learning help me progress in the company? etc. People learn more quickly when the material is important and relevant to them. Learning is usually quicker and long-lasting when the learner participates actively. Most people, for example, never forget how to ride a bicycle because they took an active part in the learning process. Reinforcement Positive reinforcement consists of rewarding desired behaviors. If a behavior is rewarded, it probably will be repeated. People avoid certain behaviors that invite criticism and punishment. A bank officer would want to do a postgraduate course in finance, if it earns him increments and makes him eligible for further promotions. Both the external rewards (investments, praise) and the internal rewards (a feeling of pride and achievement) associated with desired behaviors compel subjects to learn properly. To be effective, the trainer must reward desired behaviors only. If he rewards poor performance, the results may be disastrous: good performers may quit in frustration, accidents may go up, and productivity may suffer. The reinforcement principle is also based on the premise that punishment is less effective in learning than reward. Punishment is a pointer to undesirable behaviors. When administered, it causes pain to the employee. He mayor may not repeat the mistakes. The reactions m ay be mild or wild. Action taken to repeal a person from undesirable action is punishment. If administered properly, punishment may force the trainee to modify the undesired or incorrect behaviors. Feedback People learn best if reinforcement is given as soon as possible after training. Every employee wants to know what is expected of him and how well he is doing. If he is off the track, somebody must put him back on the rails. The errors in such cases must be rectified immediately. The trainee after learning the right behaviour is motivated to do things in a right way and earn the associated rewards. Positive feedback (showing the trainee the right way of doing things) is to be preferred to negative feedback (telling the trainee that he is not correct) when we want to change behaviour. Spaced Practice Learning takes place easily if the practice sessions are spread over a period of time. New employees learn better if the orientation programme is spread over a two or three day period, instead of covering it all in one day. For memorizing tasks, massed practice is usually more effective. Imagine the way schools ask the kids to say the Lords prayer aloud. Can you memorise a long poem by learning only one line per day? You tend to forget the beginning of the poem by the time you reach the last stanza. For acquiring skills as stated by Mathis and Jackson, spaced practice is usually the best. This incremental approach to skill acquisition minimises the physical fatigue that deters learning. Whole Learning The concept of whole learning suggests that employees learn better if the job information is explained as an entire logical process, so that they can see how the various actions fit together into the big picture. A broad overview of what the trainee would be doing on the job should be given top priority, if learning has to take place quickly. Research studies have also indicated that it is more efficient to practice a whole task all at once rather than trying to master the various components of the task at different intervals. Active Practice Practice makes a man perfect: so said Bacon. To be a swimmer, you should plunge into water instead of simply reading about swimming or looking at films of the worlds best swimmers. Learning is enhanced when trainees are provided ample opportunities to repeat the task. For maximum benefit, practice sessions should be distributed over time. Applicability of Training Training should be as real as possible so that trainees can successfully transfer the new knowledge to their jobs. The training situations should be set up so that trainees can visualise and identify with the types of situations they can come across on the job. Environment Finally, environment plays a major role in training. It is natural that workers who are exposed to training in comfortable environments with adequate, well spaced rest periods are more likely to learn than employees whose training conditions are less than ideal. Generally speaking, learning is very fast at the beginning. Thereafter, the pace of learning slows down as opportunities for improvement taper off. Areas of Training The Areas of Training in which training is offered may be classified into the following categories. Knowledge Here the trainee learns about a set of rules and regulations about the job, the staff and the products or services offered by the company. The aim is to make the new employee fully aware of what goes on inside and outside the company. Technical Skills The employee is taught a specific skill (e.g., operating a machine, handling computer etc.) so that he can acquire that skill and contribute meaningfully. Social Skills The employee is made to learn about himself and others, and to develop a right mental attitude towards the job, colleagues and the company. The principal focus is on teaching the employee how to be a team member and get ahead . Techniques This involves the application of knowledge and skill to various on-the-job situations. In addition to improving the skills and knowledge of employees, training aims at moulding employee attitudes: When administered properly, a training programme will go a long way in obt8ining employee loyalty, support and commitment to company activities. Types of Training There are many approaches to training. We focus here on the types of training that are commonly employed in present-day organisations. Skills training: Skill training is most common in organisations. The process here is fairly simple. The need for training in basic skills (such as reading, writing, computing, speaking, listening, problem solving, managing oneself, knowing how to learn, working as part of a team, leading others) is identified through assessment. Specific training objectives are set and training content is developed to meet those objectives. Several methods are available for imparting these basic skills in modern organisations (such as lectures, apprenticeship, on-the-job, coaching etc.). Before employing these methods, managers should: * explain how the training will help the trainees in their jobs. * relate the training to the trainees goals. * respect and consider participant responses and use these as a resource. * encourage trainees to learn by doing. Â  * give feedback on progress toward meeting learning objectives. Refresher training: Rapid changes in technology may force companies to go in for this kind of training. By organising short-term courses which incorporate the latest developments in a particular field, the company may keep its employees up-to-date and ready to take on emerging challenges. * It is conducted at regular intervals by taking the help of outside consultants who specialise in a particular descriptive. Cross-functional Training: Cross-functional Training involves training employees to perform operations in areas other than their assigned job. There are many approaches to cross functional training. Job rotation can be used to provide a manager in one functional area with a broader perspective than he would otherwise have. Departments can exchange personnel for a certain period so that each employee understands how other departments are functioning. High performing workers can act as peer trainers and help employees develop skills in another area of operation. Cross functional training provides the following benefits to an organisation (and the workers as well) (1) Workers gain rich experience in handling diverse jobs; they become more adaptable and versatile (2) they can better engineer their own career paths (3) they not only know their job well but also understand how others are able to perform under a different set of constraints (4) A broader perspective increases workers understanding of the business and reduces the need for supervision (5) when workers can fill in for other workers who are absent, it is easier to use flexible scheduling, which is increasingly in demand as more employees want to spend more time with their families. Eli Lilly and Company (India), for example, encourages cross-functional movements to make the organisation equally attractive to both specialists and generalists. Team Training: Team training generally covers two areas; content tasks and group processes. Content tasks specify the teams goals such as cost control and problem solving. Group processes reflect the way members function as a team for example how they interact with each other, how they sort out differences, how they participate etc. Companies are investing heavy amounts, nowadays, in training new employees to listen to each other and to cooperate. They are using outdoor experiential training techniques to develop teamwork and team spirit among their employees (such as scaling a mountain, preparing recipes for colleagues at a restaurant, sailing through uncharted waters, crossing a jungle etc.). The training basically throws light on (i) how members should communicate with each other (ii) how they have to cooperate and get ahead (iii) how they should deal with conflict-full situations (iv) how they should find their way, using collective wisdom and experience to good advantage. Creativity training: Companies like Mudra Communications, Titan Industries, Wipro encourage their employees to think unconventionally, break the rules, take risks, go out of the box and devise unexpected solutions. * Postpone judgment: Dont reject any idea * Create alternative frames of reference * Break the boundary of thinking * Examine a different aspect of the problem * Make a wish list of solutions * Borrow ideas from other fields * Look for processes to change or eliminate * Think up alternative methods * Adopt another persons perspective * Question all Assumptions. In creativity training, trainers often focus on three things: (a) Breaking away: In order to break away from restrictions, the trainee is expected to (i) identify the dominant ideas influencing his own thinking (ii) define the boundaries within which he is working (iii) bring the assumptions out into the open and challenge everything (b) Generate new ideas: To generate new ideas, the trainee should open up his mind; look at the problem from all possible angles and list as many alternative approaches as possible. The trainee should allow his mind to wander over alternatives freely. Expose himself to new influences (people, articles, books, situations), switch over from one perspective to another, -arrange cross fertilization of ideas with other people and use analogies to spark off ideas. (c) Delaying judgement: To promote creative thinking, the trainee should not try to kill off ideas too quickly; they should be held back until he is able to generate as many ideas as possible. He should allow ideas to grow a little. Brainstorming (getting a large number of ideas from a group of people in a short time) often helps in generating as many ideas as possible without pausing to evaluate them. It helps in releasing ideas, overcoming inhibitions, cross fertilising ideas and getting away from patterned thinking. Diversity Training: Diversity training considers all of the diverse dimensions in the workplace race, gender, age, disabilities, lifestyles, culture, education, ideas and backgrounds while designing a training programme. It aims to create better cross-cultural sensitivity with the aim of fostering more harmonious and fruitful working relationships among a firms employees. The programme covers two things: (i) awareness building, which helps employees appreciate the key benefits of diversity, and (ii) skill building, which offers the knowledge, skills and abilities required for working with people having varied backgrounds. Literacy Training: Inability to write, speak and work well with others could often come in the way of discharging duties, especially at the lower levels. Workers, in such situations, may fail to understand safety messages, appreciate the importance of sticking to rules, and commit avoidable mistakes. Functional illiteracy (low skill level in a particular content area) may be a serious impediment to a firms productivity and competitiveness. Functional literacy programmes focus on the basic skills required to perform a job adequately and capitalise on most workers motivation to get help in a particular area. Tutorial programmes, home assignments, reading and writing exercises, simple mathematical tests, etc., are generally used in all company in-house programmes meant to improve the literacy levels of employees with weak reading, writing or arithmetic skills.

Cuban Situation :: Cuba Politics Economy Economics Essays

Cuban Situation Cuba needs cows. In January of 2004, a Cuban delegation visited Florida to inspect beef and dairy cows to repair Cuba’s languishing cattle industry. Moreover, under the auspices of the U.S. Trade Sanctions Reform and Export Enhancement Act in 2000, the United States exported $350 million dollars worth of American agriculture products to its island neighbor in 2000 (Bussey 1). This budding trade relationship is symptomatic of a broader move by Cuba to fully re-insert itself in the global economy. Deprived of the protective cocoon of Soviet trade agreements and faced with economic crisis and stagnation, Cuba’s leaders have responded with limited economic reforms. It is clear, however, that Cuba will not emulate the rapid liberalization of much of Eastern Europe and Latin America. A brief review of Cuba’s economic performance since the fall of the Soviet Union reveals a trend of liberalization bred of necessity. Nevertheless, the mixed performance of the Export-Pro cessing Zones and the government’s grudging acceptance of tourism reveal a tension between Cuba’s need for foreign currency and direct foreign investment and a desire to insulate and preserve Cuba’s existing domestic apparatus. This tension underlies Cuba’s ongoing economic transition and has prevented wholesale market liberalization. Cuba’s future movement towards market reforms will be carefully managed by the Castro government to protect Cuba’s revolutionary legacy and to maintain control of political opposition. The fall of the Soviet Union devastated the Cuban economy. Cuba’s GDP contracted by 35-50% from 1989-1993 (LeoGrande quest 5). As a percentage of total Cuban trade, the Soviet Union’s share fell from 66% in 1990 to 15% in 1994 (5). Moreover, Russia reneged on its oil agreement, and fitful exports caused energy shortages in Cuba. Production and consumption plummeted. From 1986-1991, Castro undertook a rectification campaign to stabilize the economy as the Soviet Union decreased its support and eventually collapsed. The plan â€Å"focused on re-centralizing economic planning authority, dismantling the [Soviet-sponsored socialist management system] and market mechanisms, abolishing the free farmers markets launched in 1980, and combating corruption† (4). In addition, Castro tried to address the massive trade imbalance by reducing imports and reinvigorating the export sector. This program was a resounding failure. More domestic and far-reaching reforms were necessary to save the economy from crisis. Economic disaster had erected a serious challenge to Cuba’s socialist program. In 1991, Castro’s announcement of a â€Å"Special Period in a Time of Peace† marked the beginning of Cuba’s new era of liberalization.

Intellectual Capitalism (Swot and Industry Analysis of General Motors)

Q2) : What information is provided and how can this be useful in understanding your chosen company’s strategic situation? The profile covers many different areas that pertain to the strategy of the General Motors ranging from history to a swot anaylsis. History- the history of the firm will allow us to study how General Motors has acted to fulfill its mission in the past and thus give us clues to their future decisions. The history section of the profile basically lists all of the investments and divestment of GM since its inception in 1909.The list is too long to put into this case, but the lists shows that GM is not by any means strictly a car company. The list also shows that General Motors has been an international company for over 90 years. So strategically speaking GM is mildly protected from some shocks, but as we saw in 2009, they are not protected from very large global shocks to the automobile industry. Products and Services- The report also lists the car types of ca rs (12) and brands (11) they produce.Along with the finished automobiles they are actively involved in the inputs that are necessary for the production of the automobiles. They also provide a financial service for the automobiles. Revenue analysis- The revenue analysis section states the revenue figures for the company from the last two years also showing the percent increase. The section also breaks down these figures into different business segments such as GM North American and GM Asia.These more detailed figures can be used in conjunction with market share and growth of entire market to form a strategy plan for the company. For example if South America’s market is largely made up of local brands and growing at a very fast rate, it would be more beneficial for GM to concentrate their production and capital there instead of a saturated market like that of the United States. SWOT- This section included the most information from a strategic stand point. It includes strengths and weaknesses as well as opportunities and threats.An example of the firms strengths would be â€Å"strong market position and brand portfolio†. A weakness would be â€Å"underfunded pension funds†. Strengths and weaknesses are characteristics of the firm as opposed to opportunities and threats which are characteristics of the firm’s environment. One of GM’s opportunities is â€Å"increased demand for cars in BRIC nations†, and one of their threats is â€Å"intense competition†. The SWOT framework is used ideally to strategically take advantage of a firms opportunity with their strengths.For example, GM should use their strong brand image and profits from strong market positions around the world to fund a stronger entrance into Brazil, Russia, India, and China. Also the converse of that strategy would be to avoid weaknesses and threats to the firm. Q3): Based on the information provided, what are the three most important things you can say about your company’s industry? 1) The effect of the financial crisis on the American Automobile market. Obviously the crisis had a major effect on the automotive market, but the effect is underestimated in the news.According to the industry report in the business source complete database the amount of passenger vehicle decreased by six million units from 2006 to 2009, so even if the saturation level of the market is at the 2006 level which is very unlikely since the population has grown since then, the U. S. market has not reached the pre-crisis levels saturation. These levels paired with renewed customer confidence and the ease of attaining credit will fuel an increase in the U. S. utomobile market. Although the increase may be gradual, it is still a realistic goal for an established brand such as GM. 2) The emergence of China as the largest automobile market in the world. As a result of increasing incomes paired with sales incentive and decreased tariffs caused by China joi ning the WTO has resulted in a booming automotive industry in China. Even though the year-to-year growth of car ownership in the nation is over 30% the market has very low saturation levels.Only 35 people per 1000 own cars in China which compared to the United States, 600 per 1000, shows there is ample room for growth in the market. Most major car manufacture has a presence in the market, but political forces limit the penetration of these companies. According to report in Business source complete, the Chinese government is even pressuring domestic companies to grow and force out foreign competition. But this goal of the Chinese government cannot be realized until the smaller local manufactures can somehow combine so they may compete with larger foreign firms. ) Environmental issues are also a main concern within the industry. This issues stems from two areas Gasoline and CO2 emissions. Gasoline a major factor pertaining not only to the consumption of cars but also the type of car t hat is demanded by consumers. While the United States gasoline prices are relatively lower than other nations, car producers world-wide are still producing different cars in the wake of high gas prices. The low emission car is the new fad in the industry and has jointly led to the production of the alternative resources cars.The combination of high gas prices and threat of damaging the environment from combustible engines has increased the consumer’s demands for automobiles to run off of alternative resources. This new development plays well into the strengths of GM because General Motors is already heavily devoted to R&D. Q4): Based on the information provided, how would you characterize the company’s competitive situation? Well I think the best way to answer this question will be to separate each answer due to the three questions. ) The financial crisis almost crippled the entire U. S. automobile industry with the both GM and Ford receiving bailout money for the Unit ed States government, but the crisis could have a created an opportunity for GM. As I stated earlier, car registration is down six million since 2006 but population has not decreased so there must be a portion of the car market that wants a car but did not have the means during the financial down turn. GM may use this period of time to gain the re-emergence of this demographic to gain market share in a semi-saturated market. ) Although China has become the largest automobile market in the world, I do not think that GM has a strategic position in the market. However, GM may be able to be very profitable in because the market is growing so fast, but the fasted growing segments are luxury cars and SUV which do not create a strategic advantage for General Motors. Also, the Chinese government will heavily regulate the growth of the market as well as give every possible advantage to the domestic manufactures. 3. ) The change in demand due to environmental pressure is an interesting factor in the automotive industry.Toyota has been the market leader in electric and alternative fuels but that doesn’t necessarily give them strategic leverage in the market. The environmental pressures will just create another segment of products for the industry much like SUV or Sedans so having experience with the technologies will not necessarily create a boost in Market Share. GM’s commitment to R&D will enable them to compete, and the use of their strong brand and supply chain management will help GM gain market share. Q5) :What useful information is provided to help you understand the competitive situation of your company?The market research report listed in Business source complete was written by Marketwatch which is also the same company that produced the company profile used in the second question. Instead of a stagnant overview of the companies past this report deals with recent moves within the industry by all of the major companies within the industry. The repor t starts off with an industry update which is the details of new investments and operations of major automotive manufactures around the world. General Motors announced to invest $450 mil in additions to one of its plants in Argentina. MarketWatch: Automotive) The investment seems like a good choice for the company since the region is growing so fast. However, the article also reports BMW’s $200 mil investment into the same region so competition will be fierce in the future especially in South America. (MarketWatch: Automotive) Along with the potentially bad news from BMW, the report also includes a recall from Toyota involving over 7 mil cars globally. The recall could signal to General Motors to act quickly, so they may be able to capture market share from Toyota’s unsatisfied customers.After the industry overview, the next section is a comment on movement within the industry away from Navigation systems. The introduction of free Google Maps paired with the popularity of the cell has severely decreased the demand from in dash and even after-market navigational systems. General Motors may be able to use this information and decrease the models in production with navigational systems, so sales are not affected by unwanted accessories. The next section is simply a report featuring some of the companies’ performances.General Motors’ metrics were not reported in this issue. The report mainly included foreign companies mostly in Europe. For example, Audi’s sales increase 14%, BMW sales increase 12%, and Renault sales decrease 29%. (MarketWatch: Automotive) These figures are very useful in understanding the competitive situation of General Motors because they allow the company to benchmark it’s success against it’s competitors. Q6) What three items did you find that are most interesting to you? Why? 1) Who may be responsible for the growth of the Chinese Automotive industry?Article from Manufacturing Engineer about Ch inese manufacturing was wrong, China’s growth in production and consumption has grown faster than estimates and this could be fueled by western investment. Companies all over the world including GM wanting to capture market share in what is now the largest market for automobile in the. According GM China’s president, GM’s plan to penetrate the market is to use Chinese researchers in China. (Nick Santhanam) I found this interesting because a side effect of the penetration into the market could be the training and development of domestic researchers within China.The two problems restricting China’s automotive manufacturing industry growth are lack of graduate level researchers and a highly fractioned industry. Both of these problems may be solved by foreign joint ventures with Chinese companies. 2) I also found it strange how the market leader in this industry is the slowest to change. The companies specialize themselves to the point where there products la ck demand in the market, and their brand and market share lose value. Ford Motor Co. was the first company to mass produce the automobile and through this innovation captured the majority of the U.S. ’s market share. However, the overemphasis on mass production sacrificed choices for the consumer which allowed General Motors to penetrate the market. General Motors then gained almost 50% of the U. S. market share by the 1960’s. But the entrance of the Asian manufactures decreased their market share slightly at first. General Motors first case was about the bankruptcy of general motors and the companies revival through a government buyout and an ipo which lead to a decrease in 40b in costs at the same levels of revenue.The case asks are these profit margins and growth figure robust or are they just because the market is recovering and the company is on a short leash. Another thing that is very interesting is how slow the companies respond to market changes especially whe n they are the market leader. The article was an interview with GM China’s president. He describes how GM will penetrate the market by taking advantage of the â€Å"talent† from local universities. He believes that the best way to innovate in China is to use younger local researcher to develop products for the Chinese market. General Motors: Leading US Car Maker Emerges From Bankruptcy. (Cover Story). †Ã‚  General Motors: Leading US Car Maker Emerges From Bankruptcy(2012): 1-16. Business Source Complete. Web. 9 Apr. 2013. â€Å"SPECIAL REPORT: Automotive Manufacturing. (Cover Story). â€Å"Manufacturing Engineer  84. 6 (2005): 26-27. Business Source Complete. Web. 9 Apr. 2013. Nick Santhanam, et al. â€Å"Automotive Innovation In China: The View From General Motors. †Ã‚  Mckinsey Quarterly  1 (2012): 85-92. Business Source Complete. Web. 9 Apr. 2013.

Quid E Azam as a Role Model for Emerging Leaders Essay

Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah the most revered leader of the Muslims of the Subcontinent was a man having inter alia a strong moral character unmatched by any other contemporary leader of those days. He is quoted as an example of impeccable integrity on which he never compromised. He is a role model for those who believe that in a Muslim nation personal character of leadership is as important as other necessary inherent qualities of leadership which get radiated to inspire people at large. He took firm stand on principles, remained adamant in face of unruly opponents and ported a strong sense of self-respect. Even with colonial masters of the day he would neither put up with improper behavior nor would tolerate a slight. It would who was an embodiment of qualities of head and heart. IQuaid-e-Azam always fought with the British and the Hindus politically with great courage and bravery. It was his courageous and bold leadership that made him a great leader. Quaid-e-Azam had a charming personality as his manners were polished and his appearance pleasing. His character was flawless. Nobody could point a finger towards his character. His character was worthy of praise. Strong He was a determined and resolute person. Quaid was a great human being. a great man and a great lea t is rather strange and beyond understanding that most of the subsequent political leadership in Pakistan instead of looking at and emulating the most successful and adored personality of Mohammad Ali Jinnah . . Above all, he was an upright and honorable person. His personal qualities and his commitment to the cause of Pakistan had infused in him such a degree of confidence that he could converse with Mountbatten without fear and argue to win his case for creation of a new state. Compare it with disposition of most of the political masters who followed him. We at international level have come under pressure on account of alleged inability to do enough on terrorism. An impression has been created that we have become apologetic and are acting at the behest of foreign powers for economic gains but at the cost of self esteem. We must work our destiny in our own way and present to the world an economic  system based on true Islamic concept of equality of manhood and social justice. We will thereby be fulfilling our mission as Muslims and giving to humanity the message of peace which alone can save it and secure the welfare, happiness and prosperity of mankind† Speech at the opening ceremony of State Bank of Pakistan, Karachi July 1, 1948 In the end it is essential to describe Quaid’s reaction to a situation that after creation of Pakistan, the newly born state had to pass through difficult times. Millions of refugees migrated to Pakistan from India and makeshift camps were set up to house them. There was a big camp set up at Walton Lahore. Having been subjected to worst atrocities by rioters refugees were in miserable condition mentally and physically. On the other hand there was an acute shortage of resources in the new state. Quaid-i-Azam came to Walton to meet with these homeless citizens of Pakistan. He felt disturbed and was deeply moved. He extolled their sacrifices but told them frankly that he had nothing to give to them. His proposition was that â€Å"Let us resolve to work hard jointly to solve all the problems and build a prosper Pakistan†. He motivated and instilled hope in them. It is a matter of record how all refugees were settled. This is the sort of politics we need. Learning from this leadership should take people into confidence, show commitment and work sincerely for their betterment. It is only instructive that Quaid’s sayings, speeches and actions are studied and disseminated to create a proper political and leadership culture worthy of a democratic welfare state. Only then we shall be able to guard our national sovereignty with honour and pride and shall be able to face the challenges of the new world order.