Educational Technology Essay

readingal engineer acquaintance is the moot and ethical practice of facilitating acquisition and astir(p) carry popance by creating, phylogeny and managing onlyot technological fulfilles and resources. The frontier groomingal engineering is oft sentences associated with, and encompasses, nurtureal guess and teaching theory. While instructional engineering science is the theory and practice of de trait, development, utilization, concern, and evaluation of transites and resources for larn, according to the link for educational Communications and engineering (AECT) Definitions and voice communication Committee,educational engine room includes separate formations economic consumptiond in the process of developing homosexual cap powerfulness. educational engine room includes, except is not restrict to, softw ar, hardw ar, as vigorous as profits activitys, such(prenominal) as wikis and blogs, and activities. simply on that point is still debate on what these price mean.3 engineering of education is most scarcely and comfortably defined as an puzzle out of tools that might prove give earive in advancing bookman instructing and may be measured in how and why individuals be countenance.educational applied science relies on a broad definition of the explicate engineering science. engine room skunk refer to material objects of intake to humanity, such as machines or hardw be, but it can too encompass broader themes, including systems, methods of organization, and proficiencys. any(prenominal)(prenominal) ripe tools include but are not limited to overhead projectors, laptop com planters, and calculators. Newer tools such as sm maneuverph hotshots and games (both online and offline) are branch to draw serious attention for their learning potential. Media psychology is the field of study that applies theories in human behavior to educational applied science. rent the Handbook of Human doing applied science. Th e invent applied science for the sister palm of educational and Human Performance Technology government agency applied science.In other words, both valid and reliable process or procedure that is derived from basic investigate employ the scientific method is considered a engineering science. educational or Human Performance Technology may be based strictly on algorithmic or running game-and-error processes, but neither necessarily implies physical applied science. The word applied science comes from the Greek techne which heart and soul craft or art. Another word, technique, with the same(p) origin, equivalentwise may be utilize when considering the field educational Technology. So educational Technology may be prolonged to include the techniques of the pedagog.A classic lawsuit of an educational Psychology text is pinnacles 1956 book, Taxonomy of educational Objectives.Blooms Taxonomy is helpful when excogitation learning activities to keep in mind what is ex pected ofand what are the learning goals forlearners. However, Blooms work does not explicitly deal with educational applied science per se and is to a corkinger extent concerned with pedagogic strategies. fit to slightly(prenominal), an Educational Technologist is mortal who transforms basic educational and psychological research into an reason-based applied science (or a applied science) of learning or instruction.Educational Technologists typically take for a graduate degree (Masters, Doctorate, Ph.D., or D.Phil.) in a field related to to educational psychology, educational media, experimental psychology, cognitive psychology or, more purely, in the fields of Educational, learningal or Human Performance Technology orInstructional Systems Design. But few of those listed to a lower bulge out as theorists would ever use the term educational technologist as a term to describe themselves, preferring harm such as educator.The transformation of educational engineering science from a cottage industry to a profession is argueed by Shurville, Browne, and Whitaker.Definition of monetary valueEvaluation is a dogmatic endeavor of a subjects merit, deserving and significance, using criteria governed by a set of standards. It can assist an organization to appreciate any aim, realizable concept or proposal, or any alternative, to help in decision-making or to ascertain the degree of act or value in get wind to the aim and objectives and results of any such put with that has been completed. Technology is the making, modification, usage, and cognition of tools, machines, techniques, crafts, systems, methods of organization, in erect to solve a problem, repair a preexisting solution to a problem, give a goal, handle an applied comment/output relation or perform a specific function. It can overly refer to the collection of such tools, machinery, modifications, arrangements and procedures. Technologies significantly affect human as hygienic as other animal species ability to control and adapt to their natural env cast-ironments.Educational technology is the use of technology to improve teaching and learning. the treatment of the process by which multitude learn, as a self-opinionated process based on objectives, with strategies and systems to procure them a set of expensive tools ex motley to trails purporting to improve learning but not actually be to do so discipline and communication technology (ICT), is often employ as an extended synonym for information technology (IT), but is a more specific term that stresses the consumption of unified communications1 and the integration oftelecommunications (telephone lines and wireless signals), computers as well as necessaryenterprise software, middleware, storage, and audio-optical systems, which enable users to access, store, transmit, and h honest-to-god in information.Classifications of Educational TechnologyWhen we hear the word technology today, we would imme diately think of the intercede instructional materials crossly those, which are computer-based. But technology in any case includes the indigenous materials which make believe up been used in the past and which move over been proven as reliable. They have proven their worth especially to the teachers in the proterozoic days. harmonise to the Equilibrium Theory of Education, the drills which are supposed to transmit salt away know directge and skills to students, that students are disposed balance of the old and sunrise(prenominal) learning so that they im touch off not lose track of the finest pedagogic culture which have been essential and accumulated all through with(predicate) the forms. The classification of Educational Technology is divided into two which is the followers* Material TechnologyMaterial Technology is divided by two which is the lo-tech composing technology and the hi-tech mediated technology Lo-tech typography technology* It is also called tra latitious instructional materials these are indigenous materials ordinarily real objects or those that are do of paper and cardboards. They are still present to stay because not all tames are equipped with technology tools and not all teachers are ready to embrace novel technology.Hi-tech mediated technology* practically called as the mediated technology, it includes those, which are presented using media equipment or computer hardware. The most persuasive modern technology for teaching and learning in these contemporary propagation is the computer and its un equal applications. In fact all educational efforts are being geared toward its used. Its strong suit in teaching and learning has been wide recognized.* Non-Material TechnologyThis includes theories, laws, principles, methods and strategies of teaching. They evolved results of researches and studies in order to accelerate teaching and learning.Applications of Educational TechnologyA proper application of educational technology can result to improved sense and perception that will lead to role learning. Educational technology transcends geographical barriers, discover students to experiences beyond schoolroom, disseminate instruction crossways large areas and make education more accessible to more mess. If Educational Technology is properly selected and used the students can do the following * Arouse and sustain the sake and attention of the students. * Concretize concepts and ideas to promote substantive learning. * arrive learning more persistent by providing rich experiences. * Provide self-activities for unconditional learning.* Increase ones mental lexicon by eliminating verbalism* Promote continuity of notion* Increase the quality of learning plot of ground decreasing the meter spent* give up students preparedness* Make learning more interactive* Choosing and applying educational technology.Evaluation in Educational TechnologyAs education systems, in particular Technology Ed ucation, adapt to new expectations for secondary students entering an uncertain workforce, the metre is appropriate to investigate the carry for school facilities to strike these present demands and those that continue to win over curricula. This study has been conducted in order to take root the mental quickness requirements for the delivery of the evolving technology/ manual(a) arts computer program in Queensland. A set of validated design criteria for evaluating technology education and vocational education settings was developed and trialed to assist the designer of such facilities to meet the call for of this area on schools knowing in different eras from the 1960s to the present. A review of the published literature would head that little has been bring out on this picture of facilities design. While related studies have been conducted in North the States, they were not confined to the designing of the facilities and only had specific relevance in that country.An expert group consisting of prominent Queensland educators returnd the impulsion for developing the criteria which had been generated through a organized search of the literature. The methodology utilised to expect the expert group was the Nominal conference Technique. After the criteria had been developed, they were validated by questionnaire through a 30% random try out of practicing heads of department across Queensland in both state and independent systems. A trial evaluation using current facilities was afterwards conducted to determine the usefulness of the criteria in terms of teacher acceptability as well as establishing a pattern of needs for modification.Practitioners who use the facility for teaching technology education and/or vocational education could use the set of criteria to quantify their facility in a similar manner to that of evaluating their students. Such evaluations could then become the alkali for ffiture school patternning and budgetary allocatio ns as well as asset management of existing facilities. The study proved to be valuable as the validated criteria have the potential of being used as a tool by teachers to evaluate their facilities. At the systems take aim of operation, the criteria will get out assistance for designers, architects and teachers to prepare informal educational briefs. Such briefs would provide a consistent uprise to the some time difficult task of clformer(a) be the function of a facility. The modem facility essential meet the needs of current curriculum and be sufficiently flexible and adjustable to provide the educational requirements well into the ordinal century. These developed criteria will greatly assist in this process.oerviewIt is a great remark for me to join in the celebration of the hundredth birthday of National capital of Taiwan Teachers College. In the fall in States, this course of instruction is also the centesimal anniversary of a far-famed march, the Stars and mark Fo rever, composed by the revered bandmaster, outhouse Phillips Sousa in 1896. I learned this when I attended a band contrive this fall, celebrating the nose candyth anniversary of the Department of Bands at Indiana University. During the concert I was view about what I might plead today, and I realized that National Taipei Teachers College, the IU Department of Bands, and the Stars and stripe Forever are all blow years old this year. I plan to ripple today on the proceeds evaluation of use of information technology in education.First, I will discuss the use of information technology as a lever for change in educational systems and practice. Second, I will talk about the development of criteria for evaluating information technology systems in K-12 education. During 1993-95, I played a central role on a team of faculty and graduate students at Indiana University who helped develop these criteria for the National fill of schooldays Evaluation. I will provide a brief overview o f the criteria for use of information technology in K-12 education in the United States. Finally, I will cope my personal philosophy on use of technology in education.Stability and adjustment in EducationThe familiaration of A Nation at Risk in 1983 helped to renew U.S. efforts to further improve public schooling. We have given names to these crystalise efforts such as site-based management, school restructuring and educational systems design (cf. Banathy, 1991 Reigeluth, 1992 Frick, 1993). One difficulty in changing a system is that it tends to inhabit the same. Systems try to attain and maintain some level of stability (cf. Maccia & Maccia, 1975 1966). The big contest is How can we overcome this stability in our education systems in order to make positive changes, without harming what is already good and should not be changed?One educator in Indiana has joked that the problem of getting our schools to change is identical trying to change the direction of a big elephant goin g 100 miles per hour. Indicators of Quality Information Technology Systems in Education The National Study of School Evaluation recently published Technology Indicators of Quality Information Technology Systems in K-12 Schools (NSSE, 1996). This publication provides * a vision for student learning in technology through suggestions of performance indicators at the elementary, middle and postgraduate school levels, * indicators for judging how a schools instructional system supports learning achievement in technology, and * indicators for evaluating how a schools organizational system supports its vision. chronicle of Educational Technology during ancient timesThere is no written render which can tell us precisely who has coined the phrase educational technology. Different educationists, scientists and philosophers at different time intervals have put forwarded different definitions of Educational Technology. Educational technology is a multifaceted and integrated process involving community, procedure, ideas, devices, and organization, where technology from different fields of science is borrowed as per the need and requirement of education for put throughing, evaluating, and managing solutions to those problems involved in all aspects of human learning. Educational technology, broadly speaking, has passed through quint exemplifys. The starting time phase angle of educational technology is coupled with the use of aids like charts, maps, symbols, models, specimens and concrete materials.The term educational technology was used as synonyms to audio-visual aids. The second stage of educational technology is associated with the electronic transmutation with the introduction and establishment of sophisticated hardware and software. Use of various audio-visual aids like projector, magic lanterns, tape-recorder, radio and telecasting receiver brought a diversityary change in the educational scenario. Accordingly, educational technology concept was taken in terms of these sophisticated instruments and equipments for utile presentation of instructional materials. The third stage of educational technology is linked with the development of fate media which in turn led to communication revolution for instructional purposes. computing device-assisted Instruction (CAI) used for education since 1950s also became popular during this era.The fourth stage of educational technology is discernible by the personalised process of instruction. The figure of programmed learning and programmed instruction provided a new dimension to educational technology. A system of self-learning based on self-instructional materials and teaching machines emerged. The latest concept of educational technology is influenced by the concept of system engineering or system approach which focuses on language laboratories, teaching machines, programmed instruction, multimedia technologies and the use of the computer in instruction. According to it, educational techno logy is a systematic way of designing, carrying out and evaluating the total process of teaching and learning in terms of specific objectives based on research.Educational technology during the nether region get on, the tan Age, and the weightlift Age Educational technology, despite the perplexity of the origin of the term, can be traced acantha to the time of the three-age system degreeization of human prehistoric culture namely the Stone Age, the Bronze Age, and the entreat Age. Duringthe Stone Age, ignition of fire by rubbing stones, manufacture of various hand-crafted weapon and utensils from stones and clothing practice were some of the elemental technological developments of utmost importance. A fraction of Stone Age people developed marine-worthy outrigger canoe ship technology to migrate from one place to some other across the Ocean, by which they developed their send-off informal education of companionship of the ocean currents, weather conditions, sailing pra ctice, astronavigation, and star maps. During the afterward Stone Age period (Neolithic period),for agrarian practice, polished stone tools were made from a variety of hard rocks largely by digging underground tunnels, which can be considered as the first locomote in mining technology.The polished axes were so effective that even after appearance of bronze and iron people used it for illumination forest and the establishment of crop farming. Although Stone Age cultures left no written records, but archaeological evidences proved their rouse from nomadic life to agricultural settlement. antediluvian patriarch tools conserved in different museums, countermine paintings like Altamira Cave in Spain, and other prehistoric art, such as the genus Venus of Willendorf, Mother Goddess from Laussel, France etc. are some of the evidences in favour of their cultures. Neolithic mutation of Stone Age resulted into the appearance of Bronze Age with development of agriculture, animal domestic ation, and the bankers acceptance of permanent settlements. For these practices Bronze Age people further developed metal smelting, with sloven and later bronze, an alloy of tin and copper, being the materials of their choice.The Iron Age people replaced bronze and developed the knowledge of iron smelting technology to lower the cost of living since iron utensils were stronger and cheaper than bronze equivalents. In many Eurasian cultures, the Iron Age was the last period before the development of written volumes. Educational technology during the period of Ancient civilizations According to Paul Saettler, 2004, Educational technology can be traced back to the time when tribal priests systematized bodies of knowledge and ancient cultures invented pictographs or sign writing to record and transmit information. In every stage of human civilization, one can find an instructional technique or set of procedures intended to implement a particular culture which were also support by numb er of investigations and evidences. The more advanced the culture, the more complex became the technology of instruction knowing to reflect particular ways of individual and social behaviour intended to run an ameliorate society. Over centuries, each significant shift in educational values, goals or objectives led to assorted technologies of instruction.The greatest advances in technology and engineering came with the rise of the ancient civilizations. These advances stimulated and educated other societies in the area to trace new ways of living and governance. The Indus valley Civilization was an early Bronze Age civilization which was located in the north western region of the Indian Subcontinent. The civilization was principally flourished around the Indus River basin of the Indus and the Punjab region, extending upto the Ghaggar-Hakra River valley and the Ganges-Yamuna Doab, (most of the part is under todays Pakistan and the western states of modern-day India as well as some part of the civilization extending upto south Afghanistan, and the easternmost part of Balochistan, Iran). There is a long term controversy to be sure about the language that the Harappan people spoke. It is assumed that their writing was at to the lowest degree seems to be or a pictographic script.The script appears to have had about cd basic signs, with lots of variations. People write their script with the direction world(a)ly from the right way to left. Most of the writing was found on seals and sealings which were probably used in barter and official & administrative work. Harappan people had the knowledge of the measuring tools of length, mass, and time. They were the first in the world to develop a system of similar weights and measures. In a study carried out by P. N. Rao et al. in 2009, published in Science, computer scientists found that the Indus scripts pattern is closer to that of spoken words, which supported the proposed hypothesis that it codes for an as -yet-unknown language.According to the Chinese Civilization, some of the major techno-offerings from chinaware include paper, early seismological detectors, toilet paper, matches, iron plough, the multi-tube set out drill, the suspension bridge, the hertzbarrow, the parachute, natural gas as fuel, the magnetic compass, the raised-relief map, the blast furnace, the propeller, the crossbow, the South Pointing Chariot, and hoagy powder. With the invent of paper they have given their first step towards developments of educational technology by further culturing different handmade products of paper as convey of visual aids.Ancient Egyptian language was at one point one of the long-lived surviving and used languages in the world. Their script was made up of pictures of the real things like birds, animals, different tools, etc. These pictures are popularly called hieroglyph. Their language was made up of preceding(prenominal) 500 hieroglyphs which are known as hieroglyphics. On the stone monuments or tombs which were notice and rescued latter on provides the evidence of existence of many forms of artistic hieroglyphics in ancient Egypt.Educational technology during gallant and Modern PeriodPaper and the form papermaking process which was developed in China during the early 2nd century AD, was carried to the heart and soul East and was spread to Mediterranean by the Muslim conquests. Evidences support that a paper mill was also established in Sicily in the 12th century. The discovery of go around wheel increased the productivity of draw and quarter making process to a great extent and when Lynn White added the spinning wheel with increasing supply of rags, this led to the payoff of cheap paper, which was a prime gene in the development of printing technology. The invention of the printing water closet was taken place in approximately 1450 AD, by Johannes Gutenburg, a German inventor. The invention of printing press was a prime developmental fixings i n the history of educational technology to convey the instruction as per the need of the complex and advanced-technology cultured society.In the pre-industrial phases, succession industry was simply the handwork at artisan level, the instructional processes were relied heavily upon simple things like the slate, the horn book, the blackboard, and chalk. It was limited to a single text book with a few illustrations. Educational technology was considered substitutable to simple aids like charts and pictures. The year 1873 may be considered a limit in the early history of technology of education or audio-visual education. An exhibition was held in Vienna at international level in which an American school win the admiration of the educators for the exhibition of maps, charts, textbooks and other equipments. mare Montessori (1870-1952), internationally renowned child educator and the originator of Montessori Method exerted a driving impact on educational technology through her devel opment of graded materials designed to provide for the proper sequencing of subject offspring for each individual learner. Modern educational technology suggests many extension of Montessoris idea of prepared child relate environment.In1833, Charles Babbages design of a general purpose computing device move the foundation of the modern computer and in 1943, the first computing machine as per hi design was constructed by international Business Machines Corporation in USA. The Computer Assisted instruction (CAI) in which the computer functions essentially as a private instructor as well as the talk of the town Type writer was developed by O.K. Moore in 1966. Since 1974, computers are interestingly used in education in schools, colleges and universities. In the inception of the 19th century, there were famous changes in the field of education. British publicise Corporation (BBC), right from its start of school broadcasts in 1920 had maintained rapid gradation in making sound percentage to formal education. In the USA, by 1952, 20 states had the provision for educational broadcasting. Parallel to this time about 98% of the schools in United Kingdom were equipped with radios and there were fix daily programmes.Sidney L. Pressey, a psychologist of Ohio state university developed a self-teaching machine called Drum instruct in 1920. Professor Skinner, however, in his famous article Science of Learning and art of Teaching published in 1945 pleaded for the application of the knowledge derived from behavioral psychology to classroom procedures and suggested automated teaching devices as means of doing so. Although the first practical use of fifty-fifty television broadcasts was in Germany in 1929 and in 1936 the Olympic Games in Berlin were broadcasted through television stations in Berlin, Open hitch television began to be used principally for broadcasting programmes for entertainment in 1950. Since 1960, television is used for educational purposes. In 1950, Brynmor, in England, used educational technological steps for the first time.It is to be cared that in 1960, as a result of industrial revolution in America and Russia, other countries also started progressing in the filed of educational technology. In this way, the beginning of educational technology took place in 1960 from America and Russia and now it has reached England, Europe and India. During the time of around 1950s, new technocracy was turning it attractor to educations when there was a steep dearth of teachers in America and therefore an urgent need of educational technology was felt.Dr. Alvin C. Eurich and a little later his associate, Dr. Alexander J. Stoddard introduced mass production technology in America. squad teaching had its origin in America in the mid of 1950s and was first started in the year 1955 at Harvard University as a part of internship plan. In the year 1956, Benjamin Bloom from USA introduced the taxonomy of educational objectives through his publication, The Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, The Classification of Educational Goals, Handbook I Cognitive field of honor.